Thanks !
I too found this illustration. It was on a forum of Rise of flight, a nice simulation videogame. The one who posted it also mentioned a book by Horatio Barber, early British aviation pioneer and First World War flight instructor, called Aerobatics and published in 1918 (so most likely written during WW1). You can read it clicking here.
According to Horatio Barber, "the object of the Immelman turn is to quickly effect a complete turn with gain of height. Thus, if closely pursued by another machine at the same altitude, such a turn may place the pursued in the position of the pursuer with the additional advantage of greater height." (page 50). Then he describes how to do it. There’s a drawing of it (plate 26). It doesn't look like a modern Immelmann :
Then he adds (p. 51) : "There are other slightly different methods, all of which may be described as immelman turns, provided (1) height is gained, (2) a complete turn is possible of accomplishment, if desired, and (3) the evolution is rapid enough."
He also adds : "A dive may follow the completion of the Immelman turn, but it is not necessarily part of that evolution."
Earlier in his book, he also describes two ways to do a "half-roll" (p. 48-49) that looks very much like a modern Split-S if I am not mistaken. Here is a drawing of it (plate 22) :
I don’t know anything about WWI aerobatics. So I can’t affirm anything. I don't know whether or not Horatio Barber can be trustworthy. But given this book, at the moment, I can't exclude the possibility of two maneuvers during WWI that allowed to complete turns, one with gain, the other with loss of height, even if the WWI Immelmann looked more like a vertical reverse with gain of height than a modern Immelmann :
(here is a vertical reverse without gain of height)
All this may need more research.
Last edited by Le Piaf; 03-14-2023 at 22:38.
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